Towards a Rigorous Methodology for Measuring Adoption of RPKI Route Validation and Filtering

A proposal to improve routing security---Route Origin Authorization (ROA)---has been standardized. A ROA specifies which network is allowed to announce a set of Internet destinations. While some networks now specify ROAs, little is known about whether other networks check routes they receive against these ROAs, a process known as Route Origin Validation (ROV). Which networks blindly accept invalid routes? Which reject them outright? Which de-preference them if alternatives exist? Recent analysis attempts to use uncontrolled experiments to characterize ROV adoption by comparing valid routes and invalid routes. However, we argue that gaining a solid understanding of ROV adoption is impossible using currently available data sets and techniques. Our measurements suggest that, although some ISPs are not observed using invalid routes in uncontrolled experiments, they are actually using different routes for (non-security) traffic engineering purposes, without performing ROV. We conclude with a description of a controlled, verifiable methodology for measuring ROV and present three ASes that do implement ROV, confirmed by operators

A suspensão do prazo prescricional no processo penal: a duração da suspensão do prazo prescricional do artigo 366 do CPP segundo a súmula 415 do STJ e a jurisprudência do STF

A presente monografia procura contribuir à discussão sobre a suspensão da prescrição, plasmada no art. 366, do CPP. A controvérsia acerca da duração da suspensão da prescrição perdura há mais de duas décadas, tanto na doutrina, quanto na jurisprudência. Assim, a fim de clarear algumas questões, procurou-se analisar: o prazo da suspensão da prescrição; a (in)constitucionalidade do artigo 366, do CPP; a possibilidade ou não de edição de nova hipótese de imprescritibilidade por meio de lei infraconstitucional; e as diferenças entre a suspensão da prescrição e a imprescritibilidade. O método utilizado nesta pesquisa dogmática-instrumental fora a coleta de informações em bibliografias e documentos para prover o embasamento teórico ao estudo. Utilizou-se, precipuamente, o método observacional e dedutivo, partindo-se do geral (a partir de princípios, leis e teorias consideradas verdadeiras e indiscutíveis) até chegar às especificidades do tema em liça, sempre acompanhado de um raciocínio lógico e analítico sobre os institutos jurídicos. Ao fim do trabalho, observou-se que a melhor interpretação para a suspensão da prescrição é a firmada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, no RE 491.786/RS, e não a da Súmula 415, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, pois se afigura como a mais técnica e compatível com o sistema romano-germânico, adotado pela República Federativa do Brasil

Impact of paclobutrazol on gibberellin-like substances and soluble carbohydrates in pear trees grown in tropical semiarid

Given that Brazilian pear production is unable to meet the annual demand, to consider the possible expansion to non traditional growing regions, turns interesting. Even though under tropical semi-arid conditions pear trees have vigorous vegetative growth, a negative influence on flower bud differentiation and formation affects fruit yield. Our study aimed to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on gibberellin biosynthesis, vegetative growth, and carbohydrate production in two pear-treecultivars (‘Santa Maria’ and ‘Hosui’) grown under semi-arid conditions. To this end, two experiments were conducted, one for each pear-tree cultivar. The experimental designs consisted of randomized blocks, with factorial arrangement (5x2x4), corresponding to PBZ doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g per linear meter of plant canopy), PBZ application forms (soil and foliar), and evaluation dates (30, 60, 90, and 120 days after application). Both soil and foliar applications inhibited gibberellin biosynthesis in both cultivars, especially after 120 days of application. PBZ affected leaf total soluble carbohydrates and reduced sprout growth in both cultivars. Although PBZ can be potentially used in pear management, further studies are still required to determine specific management practices in tropical semi-arid zones. Highlights: Inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis is more efficient with soil application of paclobutrazol. Soil application of paclobutrazol results in greater production of carbohydrates. There is a difference in sensitivity to the effects of paclobutrazol among pear varieties. The non-application of paclobutrazol results in late maturation of the branches, compromising floral induction.Given that Brazilian pear production is unable to meet the annual demand, to consider the possible expansion to non traditional growing regions, turns interesting. Even though under tropical semi-arid conditions pear trees have vigorous vegetative growth, a negative influence on flower bud differentiation and formation affects fruit yield. Our study aimed to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on gibberellin biosynthesis, vegetative growth, and carbohydrate production in two pear-treecultivars (‘Santa Maria’ and ‘Hosui’) grown under semi-arid conditions. To this end, two experiments were conducted, one for each pear-tree cultivar. The experimental designs consisted of randomized blocks, with factorial arrangement (5x2x4), corresponding to PBZ doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g per linear meter of plant canopy), PBZ application forms (soil and foliar), and evaluation dates (30, 60, 90, and 120 days after application). Both soil and foliar applications inhibited gibberellin biosynthesis in both cultivars, especially after 120 days of application. PBZ affected leaf total soluble carbohydrates and reduced sprout growth in both cultivars. Although PBZ can be potentially used in pear management, further studies are still required to determine specific management practices in tropical semi-arid zones. Highlights: Inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis is more efficient with soil application of paclobutrazol. Soil application of paclobutrazol results in greater production of carbohydrates. There is a difference in sensitivity to the effects of paclobutrazol among pear varieties. The non-application of paclobutrazol results in late maturation of the branches, compromising floral induction

Simplificações para Redução do Custo Computacional da Pré-ênfase de Voz na Plataforma Arduino

Atualmente, existe um crescente interesse por aplicações em que a interação homem-máquina seja realizada via a voz humana. No entanto, alguns equipamentos, como telefones celulares e eletrodomésticos, possuem limitações de armazenamento e processamento, dificultando a implementação deste tipo de sistema. Neste trabalho, foram utilizadas simplificações em uma das etapas do processo de reconhecimento da fala, as quais foram comparadas e analisadas em relação à implementação tradicional. Diante das mesmas, foi obtida uma redução de até 1/5 do tempo de execução e número de ciclos de clock

Unravelling Ariadne’s Thread: Exploring the Threats of Decentralised DNS

The current landscape of the core Internet technologies shows considerable centralisation with the big tech companies controlling the vast majority of traffic and services. This situation has sparked a wide range of decentralisation initiatives with blockchain technology being among the most prominent and successful innovations. At the same time, over the past years there have been considerable attempts to address the security and privacy issues affecting the Domain Name System (DNS). To this end, it is claimed that Blockchain-based DNS may solve many of the limitations of traditional DNS. However, such an alternative comes with its own security concerns and issues, as any introduction and adoption of a new technology typically does - let alone a disruptive one. In this work we present the emerging threat landscape of blockchain-based DNS and we empirically validate the threats with real-world data. Specifically, we explore a part of the blockchain DNS ecosystem in terms of the browser extensions using such technologies, the chain itself (Namecoin and Emercoin), the domains, and users who have been registered in these platforms. Our findings reveal several potential domain extortion attempts and possible phishing schemes. Finally, we suggest countermeasures to address the identified threats, and we identify emerging research themes

INNOVATING FOR SOCIAL DEMANDS – A DOUBLE CASE STUDY IN EFFECTIVE SOCIAL ENTERPRISES FROM THE BRAZILIAN SEMIARID

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to answer what is the role of innovation for effectiveness in two social enterprises (SEs) based in the Brazilian semiarid. The operational definitions used in this research considered as main constructs SEs and effectiveness. Social enterprises were defined as for-profit initiatives started by non-profit organizations, as proposed Lasprogatta and Cotten (2003). Effectiveness, in its turn, was regarded as financial independence and fulfilment of a social mission as accorded by Diochon and Anderson (2009). Utilizing a qualitative approach, data collection was based on semistructed interviews and aggregated other materials such as videos, magazines and newspapers articles that were analysed with the assistance of the Nvivo® 10 software. The results demonstrated that innovation emerged from the need to respond to pressures coming from the environment and external stakeholders as well as the necessity to react to internal organizational demands. Rising challenges were framed as opportunities and innovative practices, services and products were created to tackle constraints of financial and human resources. In this regard, the established solutions were later formalized and became integral parts of the organizations although these solutions were not galvanized, leaving space for flexibility and rapid adaption. Moreover, these SEs have fostered intersectoral networks with both the government and private companies to scale up their innovations and enhance the social work that has been carried out. Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship. Social Enterprises. Innovation. NGOs. Ceará. Brazil. RESUMOEste estudo tem como objetivo responder qual é o papel da inovação para a efetividade de duas empresas sociais (ESs) situadas no semiárido brasileiro. As definições operacionais usadas nesta pesquisa consideraram efetividade e empresas sociais como construtos principais. Empresas sociais foram definidas como iniciativas orientadas ao lucro iniciadas por organizações não orientadas ao lucro, como proposto por Lasprogatta e Cotten (2003). Efetividade, por sua vez, foi considerada como a independência financeira concomitante ao cumprimento de uma missão social, de acordo com Dichon e Anderson (2009). Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa, a coleta de dados foi fundada em entrevistas semiestruturadas e agregou outros materiais como vídeos, revistas e artigos de jornais, que foram analisados com ajuda do software Nvivo®10. Os resultados demonstraram que a inovação emergiu da necessidade de responder a pressões vindas do ambiente e de stakeholders externos assim como da necessidade de contemplar demandas internas. Os desafios emergentes foram percebidos como oportunidades e serviços, práticas e produtos foram criados para burlar restrições de recursos financeiros e humanos. Nesse sentido, as soluções estabelecidas foram formalizadas e se tornaram partes integrantes posteriormente, embora essas soluções não estivessem galvanizadas, o que abre espaço para flexibilidade e adaptação rápida. Ademais, as ESs têm fomentado redes intersetoriais tanto com o governo quanto com empresas privadas para dar escala a suas inovação e aprimorar o trabalho social que tem sido feito.Palavras-chave: Empreendedorismo Social. Empresas Sociais. Inovação. ONGs. Ceará. Brazil

Biodistribuição de EDTMP-153-samário em ratos tratados com docetaxel

Purpose: Many patients with metastatic bone disease have to use radiopharmaceuticals associated with chemotherapy to relieve bone pain. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of docetaxel on the biodistribution of samarium-153-EDTMP in bones and other organs of rats. Methods: Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 6 rats each. The DS (docetaxel/samarium) group received docetaxel (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in two cycles 11 days apart. The S (samarium/control) group rats were not treated with docetaxel. Nine days after chemotherapy, all the rats were injected with 0.1ml of samarium-153-EDTMP via orbital plexus (25μCi). After 2 hours, the animals were killed and samples of the brain, thyroid, lung, heart, stomach, colon, liver, kidney and both femurs were removed. The percentage radioactivity of each sample (% ATI/g) was determined in an automatic gamma-counter (Wizard-1470, Perkin-Elmer, Finland). Results: On the 9th day after the administration of the 2nd chemotherapy cycle, the rats had a significant weight loss (314.50±22.09g) compared (p<0.5) to pre-treatment weight (353.66± 22.8). The % ATI/g in the samples of rats treated with samarium-153-EDTMP had a significant reduction in the right femur, left femur, kidney, liver and lungs of animals treated with docetaxel, compared to the control rats. Conclusion: The combination of docetaxel and samarium-153-EDTMP was associated with a lower response rate in the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical to targeted tissues. Further investigation into the impact of docetaxel on biodistribution of samarium-153-EDTMP would complement the findings of this stud

Biodistribuição do radiofármaco pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTcO4) em ratos submetidos a ressecção extensa de intestino delgado

To evaluate the biodistribution of sodium pertecnetate (Na99mTcO4) in organs and tissues, the morphometry of remnant intestinal mucosa and ponderal evolution in rats subjected to massive resection of the small intestine. Methods: Twenty-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 7 animals each. The short bowel (SB) group was subjected to massive resection of the small intestine; the control group (C) rats were not operated on, and soft intestinal handling was performed in sham rats. The animals were weighed weekly. On the 30th postoperative day, 0.l mL of Na99mTcO4, with mean activity of 0.66 MBq was injected intravenously into the orbital plexus. After 30 minutes, the rats were killed with an overdose of anesthetic, and fragments of the liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, thyroid, lung, heart, kidney, bladder, muscle, femur and brain were harvested. The biopsies were washed with 0.9% NaCl.,The radioactivity was counted using Gama Counter WizardTM 1470, PerkinElmer. The percentage of radioactivity per gram of tissue (%ATI-g) was calculated. Biopsies of the remaining jejunum were analysed by HE staining to obtain mucosal thickness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test for multiple comparisons were used, considering p<0.05 as signifi cant. Results: There were no signifi cant differences in %ATI-g of the Na99mTcO4 in the organs of the groups studied (p>0.05). An increase in the weight of the SB rats was observed after the second postoperative week. The jejunal mucosal thickness of the SB rats was signifi cantly greater than that of C and sham rats (p<0.05). Conclusion: In rats with experimentally-produced short bowel syndrome, an adaptive response by the intestinal mucosa reduced weight loss. The biodistribution of Na99mTcO4 was not affected by massive intestinal resection, suggesting that short bowel syndrome is not the cause of misleading interpretation, if an examination using this radiopharmaceutical is indicatedCNP

Development of Israeli mango cultivars in the Brazilian semiarid region

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho adaptativo inicial de cultivares de mangueiras israelenses cultivadas na região do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado de janeiro de 2019 a julho de 2020, tendo-se utilizado mudas das cultivares Omer e Shelly, aos seis meses após o transplante, em espaçamento de 3×6 m. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2×3, correspondente às duas cultivares de mangueiras israelenses e ao número de ramos após a poda de formação (três, quatro e cinco ramos), com quatro repetições. Foram analisadas variáveis biométricas, bioquímicas e fotossintéticas, que diferiram entre as épocas de avaliação após as podas. A cultivar Omer é mais vigorosa que a Shelly, e a poda formativa com três, quatro e cinco ramos é recomendada para ambas as cultivares de manga nas condições de cultivo do Vale do São Francisco.The objective of this work was to evaluate the initial adaptive performance of Israeli mango tree cultivars grown in the submedian region of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from January 2019 to July 2020 using seedlings of the Omer and Shelly cultivars, at six months after transplanting, at a 3×6 m spacing. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in a 2×3 factorial arrangement, corresponding to the two Israeli mango tree cultivars and the number of branches after formative pruning (three, four, and five branches), with four replicates. Biometric, biochemical, and photosynthetic variables were analyzed, differing between the evaluation times after pruning. The Omer cultivar is more vigorous than Shelly, and formative pruning with three, four, and five branches is recommended for both mango cultivars under the cultivation conditions of the São Francisco Valley